The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has alerted traders, fruits handlers and food business operators (FBOs) operating ripening chambers to strictly comply with the prohibition on calcium carbide for the artificial ripening of fruits, particularly during the mango season.
The food regulator has also advised the food safety departments of states and UTs to remain vigilant and take serious action and deal stringently against person(s) indulging in such unlawful practices as per the provisions of FSS Act, 2006 and Rules/Regulations made thereunder, PIB said in a release.
Calcium carbide, commonly used for ripening fruits such mangoes, releases acetylene gas which contains harmful traces of arsenic and phosphorus. These substances, also known as ‘masala’, can cause serious health issues such as dizziness, frequent thirst, irritation, weakness, difficulty in swallowing, vomiting and skin ulcers, etc.
Additionally, acetylene gas is equally hazardous to those handling it. There are chances that calcium carbide may come in direct contact with fruits during application and leave residues of arsenic and phosphorus on fruits.
Due to these dangers, the use of calcium carbide for ripening fruits has been banned under Regulation 2.3.5 of the Food Safety and Standards (Prohibition and Restrictions on Sales) Regulations, 2011. This regulation explicitly states, “No person shall sell or offer or expose for sale or have in his premises for the purpose of sale under any description, fruits which have been artificially ripened by use of acetylene gas, commonly known as carbide gas.”
Considering the issue of rampant use of banned calcium carbide, FSSAI has permitted the use of ethylene gas as a safer alternative for fruit ripening in India. Ethylene gas can be used at concentrations up to 100 ppm (100 μl/L), depending upon the crop, variety and maturity. Ethylene, a naturally occurring hormone in fruits, regulates the ripening process by initiating and controlling a series of chemical and biochemical activities. The treatment of unripe fruits with ethylene gas triggers the natural ripening process until the fruit itself starts producing ethylene in substantial quantities.
Further, the Central Insecticides Board and Registration Committee (CIB & RC) has approved Ethephon 39% SL for the uniform ripening of mangoes and other fruits.
Guidelines for food operators
FSSAI has published a comprehensive guidance document recomending the food business operators to follow the procedure for the artificial ripening of fruits. This document outlines a standard operating procedure (SOP) incorporating all aspects of artificial ripening of fruits by ethylene gas.
In case any use of calcium carbide or any wrong practice of using ripening agents for artificial ripening of fruits is noticed by the consumers, they may contact the state commissioners of food safety for taking action against such violators. The details of the commissioners of food safety of all states and UTs are available here.
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Naresh Khanna – 10 February 2025
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